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American hiker and explorer

Chris McCandless
Self-portrait of McCandless adjacent to the Double-decker 142 on the Stampede Trail road, plant as an undeveloped photographic film in his camera after his decease
Born	Christopher Johnson McCandless (1968-02-12)February 12, 1968 El Segundo, California, U.S.
Died	c. August 1992 (aged 24) Stampede Trail, Alaska, U.S.
Crusade of expiry	Starvation, maybe brought on by poisoning[1]
Body discovered	September 6, 1992
Other names	Alexander Supertramp
Education	Wilbert Tucker Woodson Loftier School
Alma mater	Emory University

Christopher Johnson McCandless (; February 12, 1968^[two] – c. Baronial 1992), also known by his self-fabricated nickname "Alexander Supertramp",^[3] was an American adventurer who sought an increasingly nomadic lifestyle as he grew upwardly. McCandless is the subject of Into the Wild, a nonfiction volume past Jon Krakauer that was later fabricated into a full-length feature film.

Afterwards graduating from Emory University in Georgia in 1990, McCandless traveled across North America and eventually hitchhiked to Alaska in April 1992. At that place, he entered the Alaskan bush with minimal supplies, hoping to live simply off the state. On the eastern bank of the Sushana River, McCandless constitute an abandoned motorbus, Fairbanks Jitney 142, which he used as a makeshift shelter until his death. In September, his decomposing body, weighing only 67 pounds (30 kg), was found inside the charabanc by a hunter. McCandless's cause of death was officially ruled to be starvation,^{[4] [5]} although the exact circumstances relating to his decease remain the subject of some debate.^{[6] [7] [8] [9]}

In January 1993, Krakauer published an article about McCandless in that month'due south event of Outside magazine. He had been assigned the story and had written information technology under a tight deadline.^[10] Inspired by the details of McCandless's story, Krakauer wrote the biographical volume Into the Wild, which was subsequently adapted into a 2007 film directed by Sean Penn, with Emile Hirsch portraying McCandless. That same twelvemonth, McCandless became the subject of Ron Lamothe's documentary The Call of the Wild.

Early life [edit]

Christopher Johnson McCandless was built-in in El Segundo, California. He was the eldest child of Wilhelmina "Billie" McCandless (née Johnson) and Walter "Walt" McCandless, and had a younger sis named Carine. McCandless too had six half-siblings from Walt'southward first union, who lived with their female parent in California and afterward Denver, Colorado. In 1976, the family unit relocated to Annandale, Virginia, where McCandless's father was hired as an antenna specialist for the National Helmsmanship and Space Administration (NASA). McCandless's mother worked as a secretary for Hughes Shipping. The couple went on to establish a successful consultancy business out of their domicile, specializing in Walt's area of expertise.^[11]

Carine McCandless declared in her memoir The Wild Truth that her parents inflicted exact and physical abuse upon each other and their children, oftentimes fueled by her male parent's alcoholism. She cited their abusive babyhood, as well equally his reading of Jack London's The Call of the Wild, as the motivating factors in her brother'southward desire to "disappear" into the wilderness.^[12] In a argument released to the media presently before the memoir was released, Walt and Billie McCandless denied their daughter'due south accusations, stating that her book is "fictionalized writing [that] has absolutely nothing to practice with our beloved son, Chris, his journey or his character. This whole unfortunate upshot in Chris's life 22 years ago is about Chris and his dreams."^[11]

In 1986, McCandless graduated from Due west.T. Woodson High School in Fairfax, Virginia.^[thirteen] He excelled academically, although a number of teachers and fellow students observed that he "marched to the beat of a different drummer." McCandless also served as captain of the cantankerous-country squad, where he would urge teammates to treat running equally a spiritual do in which they were "running confronting the forces of darkness ... all the evil in the earth, all the hatred."^[14]

McCandless travelled to southern California and reconnected with distant relatives and friends in the summer of 1986. While in that location McCandless learned that his begetter had lived for a time in a bigamous union with his 2nd wife; he had also fathered a child with his outset wife later on the birth of his children by his second wife. Jon Krakauer speculated that this discovery may have had a profound touch on McCandless.^[15]

McCandless graduated from Emory University in May 1990 with a bachelor's degree in the double majors of history and anthropology.^[fourteen] As an academic high achiever, McCandless was awarded an A in Apartheid and Due south African Society and History of Anthropological Idea and an A- in Contemporary African Politics and the Food Crisis in Africa. ^[16]After graduating, he donated his higher savings of $24,000 (approximately $50,000 in 2021) to Oxfam and adopted a vagabond lifestyle, working when necessary as a restaurant food preparer and farm-hand.^[17] An avid outdoorsman, McCandless completed several lengthy wilderness hiking trips and paddled a canoe down a portion of the Colorado River before hitchhiking to Alaska in April 1992.^[eighteen]

Personal life [edit]

McCandless held a detail interest in classic literature. According to Krakauer, some of his favorite writers were Jack London, Marking Twain, and H. G. Wells.^[19] He was too heavily influenced past 19th-century American author and naturalist Henry David Thoreau and was engrossed past his essay On the Duty of Civil Disobedience. McCandless highlighted a department on chastity in Thoreau's Walden, which has raised questions regarding his sexuality. At that place is no indication of McCandless having any romantic partners throughout his life and he is believed to have remained celibate. While staying in Niland Slabs, a seventeen-year-old named Tracy pursued McCandless romantically; however, McCandless rejected her advances.^[20] Wayne Westerburg recalls McCandless stating that he hoped to get married and have a family in his future. ^[21]

Travels [edit]

McCandless left Virginia in the summer of 1990, driving a Datsun west in an apparent cross state trip to California. His car was not in proficient condition and suffered numerous breakdowns as he fabricated his way out of the eastern The states. He also carried no motorcar insurance on the vehicle and was driving with expired license plates. By the finish of the summer, McCandless had reached the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, where a flash overflowing disabled his car beyond repair. Fearful of fines or perhaps even arrest due to lack of a valid license, registration and insurance, McCandless removed the car's license plates, took what he could carry, and kept moving on foot. His car was afterward constitute, repaired, and put into service as an undercover vehicle for the local police section.^[22]

Traveling northwest, McCandless then hitchhiked into the Sierra Nevada mountains, where he bankrupt into a closed cabin to steal nutrient, supplies, and money. Throughout the winter of 1990, and in 1991, McCandless appears to have lived in hermit camps with other vagrants in the Sierra Nevada region. He was suspected of burglarizing other cabins when nutrient and money ran low, simply merely one case was ever positively confirmed past authorities afterwards his death.^[23]

Mexico and arrest [edit]

In early on 1991, McCandless left the Sierra Nevada and hitchhiked in a round course south through California, into Arizona, and then north to South Dakota. Completely out of cash with no means to support himself, he obtained a job every bit a grain elevator operator in Carthage, South Dakota. He worked at this job for the remainder of 1991, until one mean solar day all of a sudden quitting and leaving his supervisor a postcard which read:

"Tramping is too like shooting fish in a barrel with all this money. My days were more than heady when I was penniless and had to fodder around for my adjacent repast ... I've decided that I'm going to live this life for some future."

McCandless so headed to Colorado, where he used money from his chore to purchase kayak supplies as well equally a handgun. He then navigated the Colorado River, without a permit, and was occasionally pursued by wild animals and park rangers who had heard of his exploits from other river travelers, several of whom had been concerned that McCandless had been seen white h2o rafting in dangerous areas of the river with no safety equipment. In all, reports of McCandless were received at Lake Havasu, Pecker Williams River, the Colorado River Reservoir, Cibola Wildlife Refuge, Majestic Wildlife Refuge and Yuma Ground. The regime attempted, but never succeeded, in locating McCandless, who was wanted due to his lack of proper river training as well as operating on the river without a valid canoeing license.^[24]

McCandless eventually followed the Colorado River all the way to Mexico, where he crossed the international edge through a spillway at the Morelos Dam. Later on encountering waterfalls, through which he could no longer navigate in a canoe, McCandless abandoned his river journey and spent a few days alone at the village of El Golfo de Santa Clara ( 31°41′13″Northward 114°29′49″W  /  31.687°N 114.497°W  / 31.687; -114.497 ), in the province of Sonora. Finding United mexican states intimidating, with no way to support himself, he attempted to re-enter the U.S. and was arrested for conveying a firearm at a border checkpoint. McCandless was briefly held in custody only released without charges later his gun was confiscated. Post-obit this experience in Mexico, McCandless began hitchhiking north, eventually winding upward dorsum in South Dakota.^[25]

Alaska [edit]

In April 1992, McCandless hitchhiked from Southward Dakota to Fairbanks, Alaska. Subsequently his death, witnesses stated they had seen McCandless in Alaska first at Dot Lake, with several other sightings in Fairbanks. McCandless was stated to be traveling with a "big backpack" and would give a simulated name if asked his identity. He was described equally very suspicious of people effectually him, unkempt, and smelling due to lack of hygiene. One witness described McCandless as "generally strange, weird, with a weird energy".^[26]

McCandless was and then last seen alive at the head of the Stampede Trail on April 28 by a local electrician named Jim Gallien. Gallien, who had given McCandless a ride from Fairbanks to the start of the rugged rail merely outside the pocket-size town of Healy, later said he had been seriously concerned about the safety of McCandless (who introduced himself as "Alex") afterward noticing his light pack, minimal equipment, meager rations, and obvious lack of feel. Gallien said he had deep doubts about "Alex's" ability to survive the harsh and unforgiving Alaskan bush.

Gallien tried repeatedly to persuade McCandless to filibuster the trip, at one point offer to detour to Anchorage and purchase him suitable equipment and supplies. However, McCandless ignored Gallien's persistent warnings and refused his offers of assistance (though he did accept a pair of Xtratufs, two sandwiches, and a packet of corn fries from Gallien). Gallien dropped McCandless off believing he would head back towards the highway inside a few days as hunger fix in.^[27]

Subsequently hiking forth the snow-covered Stampede Trail, McCandless came upon an abandoned bus (nigh 28 miles (45 km) w of Healy at 63°52′5.96″N 149°46′8.39″W  /  63.8683222°N 149.7689972°W  / 63.8683222; -149.7689972 ) aslope an overgrown department of the trail most Denali National Park. McCandless, according to Krakauer, attempted to keep "heading west until [he] hit the Bering Sea." Withal, he was deterred past the thick Alaskan bush-league and returned to the bus, where he set camp and lived off the land. He had four.5 kilograms (9.9 lb) of rice; a Remington semi-automated burglarize with 400 rounds of .22LR hollowpoint ammunition; a number of books, including one on local institute life; some personal effects and a few items of camping ground equipment. Self-portrait photographs and journal entries indicate he foraged for edible plants and hunted game including porcupines, squirrels, and birds such as ptarmigans and Canada geese. On June 9, 1992, McCandless illegally stalked and shot a moose. Notwithstanding, the meat spoiled within days after he failed in his efforts to preserve information technology.

It had been speculated that McCandless was responsible for vandalizing several cabins in the surface area that were stocked with food, survival equipment, and emergency supplies. In response, Denali National Park Primary Ranger Ken Kehrer has categorically stated that McCandless was not considered a viable suspect by the National Park Service.^[28]

McCandless's journal documents 113 days in the surface area. In July, afterwards living in the bus for a piddling over two months, he decided to head dorsum to civilization, but the trail was blocked by the impassable Teklanika River bloated with tardily-summer runoff from the Cantwell Glacier; the watercourse by that stage was considerably higher and swifter than when he had crossed in April. McCandless did not have a detailed topographical map of the region and was unaware of the existence of an abandoned, hand-operated cablevision auto that crossed the river 1⁄2 mile (800 m) downstream from where he had previously crossed.^[14] At this point, McCandless headed dorsum to the bus and re-established his camp. He posted an S.O.S. annotation on the bus stating:

Attending Possible Visitors. S.O.S. I need your help. I am injured, near death, and too weak to hike out. I am all lone, this is no joke. In the name of God, please remain to save me. I am out collecting berries close by and shall return this evening. Thank you, Chris McCandless. August ?^[29]

Expiry [edit]

McCandless's concluding written journal entry, noted equally "24-hour interval 107", but read, "BEAUTIFUL Bluish BERRIES."^[xxx] Days 108 through 112 contained no words and were marked only with slashes, and on Day 113 at that place was no entry.^[31] The verbal date and time of his death are unknown. Almost the time of his decease, McCandless took a picture show of himself waving while belongings a written note, which read:

I HAVE HAD A HAPPY LIFE AND THANK THE LORD. Farewell AND MAY GOD Anoint ALL!^[32]

On September half-dozen, 1992, a grouping of hunters who were looking for shelter for the dark came upon the converted bus where McCandless had been staying. Upon inbound, they smelled what they idea was rotting nutrient and discovered "a lump" in a sleeping handbag in the dorsum of the bus. The hunters radioed police, who arrived the following day. They found McCandless'southward decomposing remains in the sleeping pocketbook. It is theorized that he died from starvation approximately two weeks before his trunk was found.^[31]

Theories of malnutrition [edit]

Rabbit starvation [edit]

In his book Into the Wild (1996), Krakauer suggests ii factors may have contributed to McCandless's death. Offset, he offered that McCandless was running the adventure of "rabbit starvation", from over-relying on lean meat for nutrition.^[33]

Swainsonine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds [edit]

Krakauer also speculated^[34] that McCandless might have been poisoned by a toxic alkaloid called swainsonine, past ingesting seeds (from Hedysarum alpinum or Hedysarum mackenzii) containing the toxin, or possibly by a mold that grows on them (Rhizoctonia leguminicola) when he put them damp into a plastic bag. Swainsonine inhibits metabolism of glycoproteins, which causes starvation despite ample caloric intake.^[7]

However, in an article in the September 2007 effect of Men's Journal, Matthew Ability states that extensive laboratory testing showed there were no toxins or alkaloids nowadays in the H. alpinum seeds McCandless had been eating. Dr. Thomas Clausen, the chair of the chemistry and biochemistry department at Academy of Alaska Fairbanks, said, "I tore that plant apart. At that place were no toxins. No alkaloids. I'd swallow information technology myself."^[35] Assay of the wild sweetness peas, given every bit the cause of McCandless's decease in Into the Wild, found no toxic compounds, and there is not a single business relationship in modern medical literature of anyone beingness poisoned by this species of plant.^[four] Every bit Power put information technology: "He didn't find a way out of the bush, couldn't catch enough food to survive, and simply starved to death".^[35]

Lathyrism due to ODAP in Hedysarum alpinum seeds [edit]

In 2013, a new hypothesis was proposed. Ronald Hamilton, a retired bookbinder at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania,^[7] suggested a link between the symptoms described by McCandless and the poisoning of Jewish prisoners in the Nazi concentration camp in Vapniarca. He put forwards the proposal that McCandless starved to death because he was suffering from paralysis in his legs induced past lathyrism, which prevented him from gathering food or hiking.^[36] Lathyrism may be caused by ODAP poisoning from seeds of Hedysarum alpinum (unremarkably called wild potato). The ODAP, a toxic amino acid, had not been detected by the previous studies of the seeds considering they had suspected and tested for a toxic alkaloid, rather than an amino acid, and nobody had previously suspected that Hedysarum alpinum seeds contained this toxin. The protein would be relatively harmless to someone who was well-fed and on a normal diet, merely toxic to someone who was malnourished, physically stressed, and on an irregular and bereft nutrition, equally McCandless was.^[37] Every bit Krakauer points out, McCandless'south field guide did not warn of any dangers of eating the seeds, which were non yet known to be toxic. Krakauer suspects this is the meaning of McCandless'due south journal entry of July 30, which states, "EXTREMELY WEAK. Mistake OF POT[ATO] SEED. MUCH TROUBLE Simply TO Stand up UP. STARVING. Neat JEOPARDY."^[38]

In September 2013, Krakauer published an article in The New Yorker following upward on Hamilton's claims.^[seven] A sample of fresh Hedysarum alpinum seeds was sent to a laboratory for HPLC analysis. Results showed that the seeds contained 0.394% beta-ODAP by weight, a concentration well within the levels known to cause lathyrism in humans, although the interpretation of the results were disputed by other chemists.^[vi] The commodity notes that while occasional ingestion of foodstuffs containing ODAP is not hazardous for healthy individuals eating a balanced diet, "individuals suffering from malnutrition, stress, and astute hunger are especially sensitive to ODAP, and are thus highly susceptible to the incapacitating effects of lathyrism after ingesting the neurotoxin".^[7]

L-canavanine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds [edit]

In March 2015, Krakauer co-authored a scientific analysis of the Hedysarum alpinum seeds McCandless ate. Instead of ODAP, the report found relatively loftier levels of L-canavanine (an antimetabolite toxic to mammals) in the H. alpinum seeds and concluded "it is highly likely that the consumption of H. alpinum seeds contributed to the death of Chris McCandless."^[9]

Legacy [edit]

The converted green and white bus where McCandless lived and died became a well-known destination for hikers. Known equally "The Magic Omnibus", the 1946 International Harvester was abandoned past road workers in 1961 on the Stampede Trail. A plaque in McCandless's retentivity was affixed to the interior past his father, Walt McCandless.^[39] McCandless'southward life became the subject of a number of manufactures, books, films, and documentaries, which helped elevate his life to the status of modernistic myth.^[40] He became a romantic effigy to some inspired by what they see as his gratuitous-spirited idealism, simply to others, he is a controversial, misguided figure.^{[35] [41] [42]}

"The Magic Bus" became a pilgrimage destination for trekkers who would military camp at the vehicle. Some of these experienced their own difficulties, or even died attempting to cross the Teklanika River.^{[twoscore] [41] [43]}

On June xviii, 2020, various authorities agencies coordinated with an Alaska Ground forces National Guard training mission to finally remove the autobus, accounted a public safety issue after at to the lowest degree fifteen people had to be rescued, and at least two people died while attempting to cantankerous the Teklanika River to accomplish the bus.^[44] It was flown via CH-47 Chinook helicopter to Healy, and then via flatbed truck to an undisclosed location.^{[45] [46] [47] [44]}

On September 24, 2020, the Museum of the Northward at the University of Alaska Fairbanks appear it became the permanent home of McCandless's 'Magic Bus 142' where it will be restored and an outdoor showroom will be created.^[48]

Assessments [edit]

McCandless has been a polarizing effigy since his story came to widespread public attending with the publication of Krakauer's January 1993 Exterior commodity.^{[35] [41]} While the author and many others have a sympathetic view of the young traveler,^[49] others, peculiarly Alaskans, have expressed negative views almost McCandless and those who romanticize his fate.^[l]

Alaskan Park Ranger Peter Christian wrote:

When you lot consider McCandless from my perspective, you quickly run into that what he did wasn't even particularly daring, just stupid, tragic, and inconsiderate. First off, he spent very piddling time learning how to actually live in the wild. He arrived at the Stampede Trail without even a map of the area. If he [had] had a proficient map he could have walked out of his predicament [...] Essentially, Chris McCandless committed suicide.^[50]

Ken Ilgunas, also an Alaskan Park Ranger and the author of The McCandless Mecca,^[51] wrote in response:

Before I go any further, I should say that Pete is a really practiced guy [...] But with that said, I recollect Pete is very, very wrong. [...] Considering I am in the unique position as both an Alaskan park ranger and a person who is, in many ways, like Chris McCandless, I feel I tin speak with some authority on the field of study. [...] McCandless, of class, did non commit suicide. He starved to decease, accidentally poisoned himself, or a combination of the two.^[52]

Sherry Simpson, writing in the Anchorage Press, described her trip to the motorbus with a friend, and their reaction upon reading the comments that tourists had left lauding McCandless equally an insightful, Thoreau-like effigy:

Among my friends and acquaintances, the story of Christopher McCandless makes great later-dinner chat. Much of the time I hold with the "he had a death wish" campsite because I don't know how else to reconcile what nosotros know of his ordeal. Now and then I venture into the "what a dumbshit" territory, tempered past cursory alliances with the "he was merely some other romantic boy on an all-American quest" partisans. By and large I'one thousand puzzled past the fashion he's emerged as a hero.^[53]

Krakauer defends McCandless, claiming that what critics point to as arrogance was only McCandless'southward desire for "beingness the kickoff to explore a blank spot on the map." He continues: "In 1992, however, there were no more blank spots on the map—not in Alaska, non anywhere. Only Chris, with his idiosyncratic logic, came upwards with an elegant solution to this dilemma: He but got rid of the map. In his own mind, if nowhere else, the terra would thereby remain incognita."^[54]

In popular culture [edit]

Krakauer's approximately 9,000-discussion commodity "Expiry of an Innocent" (Jan 1993) was published in Outside.^[55] Chip Brown's full-length article on McCandless, "I Now Walk Into the Wild" (February 8, 1993), was published in The New Yorker.^[five] Jon Krakauer's not-fiction book Into the Wild (1996) expands upon his 1993 Exterior article and retraces McCandless's travels leading up to the hiker'south eventual death.

McCandless's story was adapted by screenwriter Bit Johannessen into a 1998 episode of Chris Carter'due south television receiver series Millennium, titled "Luminary."^[56]

An eponymous 2007 film adaptation of Into the Wild, directed by Sean Penn with Emile Hirsch portraying McCandless, received a number of awards, including Best Picture from the American Flick Institute.^[57] Ron Lamothe's documentary The Call of the Wild (2007) likewise covers McCandless's life story.^[58]

The 2011 volume Back to the Wild compiles photographs, postcards and journal entries by McCandless. A PBS documentary uncovering some additional data, with interviews, titled Render to the Wild: The Chris McCandless Story, first aired on the PBS network in Nov 2014.^[59]

Meet too [edit]

• Lillian Alling
• Christopher Thomas Knight
• Tomasz Mackiewicz
• Carl McCunn
• Richard Proenneke
• Death of Vance Rodriguez
• Everett Ruess
• Survivalism
• Timothy Treadwell

References [edit]

1. ^ Krakauer, J., et al. (2015). "Presence of l-canavanine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds and its potential office in the death of Chris McCandless." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2014.08.014
2. ^ Krakauer, Jon (2007). "vi". Into the Wild. Anchor Books. p. 53. ISBN978-0-385-48680-4.
3. ^ McNamee, Thomas (March 3, 1996). "Adventures of Alexander Supertramp". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June xix, 2020.
4. ^ ^{a b} "The Call of the Wild: Into the Wild Debunked". Terra Incognita films. Baronial 21, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
5. ^ ^{a b} Brown, Scrap (February viii, 1993). "I Now Walk Into the Wild". The New Yorker. p. 38. ISSN 0028-792X.
6. ^ ^{a b} Drahl, Carmen (Oct 28, 2013). "Chemists Dispute How 'Into The Wild' Protagonist Chris McCandless Died". Chemical and Engineering News. 91 (43): 30–31.
7. ^ ^{a b c d east} Krakauer, Jon (September 12, 2013). "How Chris McCandless Died". The New Yorker Blog: Page-Turner . Retrieved Dec 12, 2014.
8. ^ Medred, Craig. "The fiction that is Jon Krakauer's 'Into the Wild'". Anchorage Daily News.
9. ^ ^{a b} Krakauer, J., et al. (2015). "Presence of 50-canavanine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds and its potential role in the decease of Chris McCandless." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2014.08.014
10. ^ Krakauer, Jon (September 12, 2013). "How Chris McCandless Died". The New Yorker.
11. ^ ^{a b} 'Into the Wild' Chris McCandless' Sister Says He Was Adamant to Cut Ties with Parents. Eric Johnson, Gail Deutsch, Jasmine Brown, Alexa Valiente and Lauren Effron. ABC News. 9 Nov 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2022
12. ^ writer., McCandless, Carine (November 17, 2015). The wild truth. ISBN978-0-06-232515-0. OCLC 957994010.
13. ^ Williams, Preston (Oct 25, 2007). "Remembering an Athlete Who Never Returned From the Wild". Washington Postal service.
14. ^ ^{a b c} Krakauer, Jon (January 1993). "Death of an Innocent: How Christopher McCandless Lost His Fashion in the Wilds" (PDF). Outside. Archived from the original (PDF) on March iii, 2016. Retrieved Apr 4, 2008.
15. ^ Krakauer, Jon (1997). Into The Wild. New York Metropolis: Anchor. p. 166. ISBN0-385-48680-4.
16. ^ Krakauer, Jon (1997). Into The Wild. New York City: Ballast. p. 21. ISBN0-385-48680-4.
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22. ^ Krakauer, Jon (1996). Into the Wild. New York: Doubleday. pp. 28–29. ISBN0-385-48680-4.
23. ^ Medred, Craig. "The beatification of Chris McCandless: From thieving poacher into saint", Anchorage Daily News (21 September 2013)
24. ^ National Park Service, "Papers and Working Files of NPS Employees" (February 2020)
25. ^ Medred, Craig. "The beatification of Chris McCandless: From thieving poacher into saint", Anchorage Daily News (21 September 2013)
26. ^ Medred, Craig. "The beatification of Chris McCandless: From thieving poacher into saint", Anchorage Daily News (21 September 2013)
27. ^ Krakauer, Jon (1997). Into The Wild. New York City: Ballast. ISBN0-385-48680-four.
28. ^ Into the Wild, p. 197
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31. ^ ^{a b} Hewitt, Bill (October 5, 1992). "End of the Trail". People. Time, Inc. 38 (14). ISSN 0093-7673. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
32. ^ Into the Wild, page 216
33. ^ Into the Wild, page 188
34. ^ Krakauer, Jon (September 12, 2013). "How Chris McCandless Died". The New Yorker . Retrieved July 25, 2019.
35. ^ ^{a b c d} Power, Matthew. "The Cult of Chris McCandless". Archived from the original on Nov 24, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2008. . Men's Journal, September 2007. Retrieved Jan 03, 2011
36. ^ "Theory on Chris McCandless' Death - Ronald Hamilton 1". Christopher McCandless.
37. ^ "When Edible Plants Turn Their Defenses On United states". Wellness News Florida. October 24, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
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39. ^ Sainsbury, Brendan; Benchwick, Greg; Bodry, Catherine (2015). Lonely Planet: Alaska (xi ed.). Lone Planet. p. 274. ISBN978-1-742-20602-8.
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41. ^ ^{a b c} Kingdom of the netherlands, Eva (Dec 5, 2013). "Chasing Alexander Supertramp". Atavist.
42. ^ Ottum, Lisa (March 15, 2016). "The Miseducation of Chris McCandless". In Hall, Dewey W. (ed.). Romantic Ecocriticism: Origins and Legacies. Lexington Publishing. pp. 253–270. ISBN9781498518024.
43. ^ "Newlywed swept away in Alaska trying to achieve 'into the Wild' jitney". CBS News. Associated Press. July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
44. ^ ^{a b} Herz, Nathaniel (June 18, 2020). "Helicopter removes 'Into the Wild' bus that lured Alaska travelers to their deaths". Alaska Public Media . Retrieved June 27, 2020.
45. ^ LaCount, Seth (June 18, 2020). "Alaska National Guard airlifts "Into the Wild" bus from Stampede Trail". Defense force Visual Information Distribution Service. Alaska National Guard Public Affairs. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
46. ^ "Nearly 30 years subsequently 'Into the Wild' hiker's expiry, infamous bus removed from Alaska wilderness". KTVA. June 18, 2020. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
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48. ^ Osborne, Ryan. "Famous McCandless 'Bus 142' moved to UAF's Museum of the North". alaskasnewssource.com . Retrieved September 25, 2020.
49. ^ "Letters". Exterior Online. Archived from the original on September nineteen, 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
50. ^ ^{a b} George Mason University English Department. Text and Community website. Christian, Peter. Chris McCandless from a Park Ranger's Perspective. Retrieved August 26, 2007.
51. ^ Ilgunas, Ken. "The McCandless Mecca". Barnes & Noble . Retrieved July 25, 2019.
52. ^ Ilgunas, Ken. "Chris McCandless from Some other Alaska Park Ranger's Perspective". Plume . Retrieved July 25, 2019.
53. ^ Simpson, Sherry. "A Man Made Common cold by the Universe". Anchorage Printing. Archived from the original on March 28, 2004. Retrieved February fifteen, 2013.
54. ^ Young, Gordon (Feb 1996). "North to Alaska". Metroactive.com. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
55. ^ Krakauer, Jon (January 1993). "Death of an Innocent" (PDF). Exterior.
56. ^ "LUMINARY - MILLENNIUM EPISODE PROFILE". Millennium . Retrieved Jan 12, 2021.
57. ^ "Post-obit His Trail to Danger and Joy". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2013. Archived from the original on December iii, 2013. Retrieved Jan 12, 2021.
58. ^ Harmanci, Reyban (September 26, 2007). "Film: 'Phone call of the Wild'". SFGate.
59. ^ "Render to the Wild". PBS. Retrieved January 12, 2021.

External links [edit]

• "Christopher McCandless – Finding the Christopher McCandless Bus". freewheelings.com. March 25, 2010.
• Chris McCandless at Find a Grave
• ChristopherMcCandless.info Website on Christopher McCandless.
• Chrisspurpose.org — Christopher Johnson McCandless Memorial Foundation
• Dispatches from the Wild — Excerpts of McCandless's own manufactures published in the Emory Bicycle pupil newspaper.
• The Wild Truth by Carine McCandless, ISBN 978-0-06-232516-7, detailing what growing-up in the McCandless household was like.
• The Call of the Wild, a 2007 documentary near McCandless made by Ron Lamothe.
• Vagabond, a 1985 French film that deals with a similar theme

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_McCandless

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